Higher Education STEM Faculty Views on Collaborative Assessment and Group Testing
Journal of Research in Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, Volume 8, Issue SI, June 2025, pp. 315-335
OPEN ACCESS VIEWS: 209 DOWNLOADS: 25 Publication date: 15 Jun 2025
OPEN ACCESS VIEWS: 209 DOWNLOADS: 25 Publication date: 15 Jun 2025
ABSTRACT
Transitioning to online learning led to an increased reliance on collaborative assessment and group testing in higher education STEM courses. While research has shown that such assessments enhance student engagement, critical thinking, and confidence, their adoption remains inconsistent. This study explores STEM faculty perceptions of collaborative assessment, focusing on its legitimacy, benefits, and implementation barriers. Through a mixed-methods approach, surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with STEM faculty across North America. Thematic analysis revealed three key findings: (1) faculty recognized the pedagogical value of collaborative testing in fostering student confidence and engagement, (2) concerns about implementation, including academic integrity and student accountability, were seen as manageable with proper safeguards, and (3) resistance to collaborative assessment was often rooted in entrenched pedagogical beliefs and institutional inertia. While faculty acknowledged its potential benefits, some remained hesitant due to concerns about grading fairness, student workload distribution, and long-term knowledge retention. The study highlights the need for a paradigm shift in STEM education, emphasizing collaborative pedagogy as a viable alternative to traditional assessments. Addressing faculty concerns through professional development, institutional support, and data-driven discussions on efficacy may help normalize collaborative assessment practices. These findings contribute to ongoing discussions about assessment innovation in higher education and provide insights into how faculty attitudes shape instructional choices.
KEYWORDS
Collaborative assessment, faculty perceptions, group testing, higher education, pedagogy reform, STEM education.
CITATION (APA)
Dinglasan, A. J., & Weible, J. L. (2025). Higher Education STEM Faculty Views on Collaborative Assessment and Group Testing. Journal of Research in Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 8(SI), 315-335. https://doi.org/10.31756/jrsmte.4113SI
REFERENCES
- American Association for the Advancement of Science (2011). Vision and change in introductory biology education: A call to action. Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.10-03-0044
- Bloom, D. (2009). Collaborative test taking: Benefits for learning and retention. College Teaching, 57(4), 216–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567550903218646
- Bowen, C. W., & Phelps, A. J. (1997). Demonstration-Based Cooperative Testing in General Chemistry: A Broader Assessment-of-Learning Technique. Journal of Chemical Education, 74(6), 715. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed074p715
- Clark, T. M., Callam, C. S., Paul, N. M., Stoltzfus, M. W., & Turner, D. (2020). Testing in the time of covid-19: A sudden transition to unproctored online exams. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3413–3417. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00546
- Cooke, J. E., Weir, L., & Clarkston, B. (2019). Retention following two-stage collaborative exams depends on timing and student performance. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.17-07-0137
- Cortright, R. N., Collins, H. L., Rodenbaugh, D. W., & DiCarlo, S. E. (2003). Student retention of course content is improved by collaborative-group testing. Advances in Physiology Education, 27(3), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00041.2002
- Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Delucchi, M. (2006). The Efficacy of Collaborative Learning Groups in an Undergraduate Statistics Course. College Teaching, 54, 244–248. https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.54.2.244-248
- Dietrich, N., Kentheswaran, K., Ahmadi, A., Teychené, J., Bessière, Y., Alfenore, S., Laborie, S., Bastoul, D., Loubière, K., Guigui, C., Sperandio, M., Barna, L., Paul, E., Cabassud, C., Liné, A., & Hébrard, G. (2020). Attempts, successes, and failures of distance learning in the time of covid-19. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2448–2457. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00717
- Dobie, T. E., & MacArthur, K. (2022). Exploring Shifts in Student Attitudes Toward Group Exams in College Calculus: The Case of Dane. International Journal of Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education, 8(1), 149–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40753-021-00148-7
- Ellis, R. A. (2016). Students’ approaches to groupwork in a blended course, associations with perceptions of the online environment and academic achievement – when is learning engaged? Education and Information Technologies, 21(5), 1095–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9370-4
- Gilley, B., & Clarkston, B. (2014). Research and teaching: Collaborative testing: Evidence of learning in a controlled in-class study of undergraduate students. Journal of College Science Teaching, 043(03). https://doi.org/10.2505/4/jcst14_043_03_83
- Giuliodori, M. J., Lujan, H., & DiCarlo, S. E. (2008). Collaborative group testing benefits high performing as well as low performing students. The FASEB Journal, 22(S1). https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.766.4
- Green, R. A., Cates, T., White, L., & Farchione, D. (2015). Do collaborative practical tests encourage student-centered active learning of gross anatomy? Anatomical Sciences Education, 9(3), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1564
- Grzimek, V., Kinnamon, E., & Marks, M. B. (2020). Attitudes about classroom group work: How are they impacted by students’ past experiences and major? Journal of Education for Business, 95(7), 439–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2019.1699770
- Grzimek, V., Marks, M. B., & Kinnamon, E. (2014). Do Differences in GPA Impact Attitudes About Group Work? A Comparison of Business and Non-Business Majors. Journal of Education for Business, 89(5), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2013.872591
- Hamnett, H. J., McKie, A. E., & Morrison, C. (2018). Postgraduate students’ attitudes towards group work: Experiences within a forensic chemistry programme. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 19(4), 1240–1252. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8rp00126j
- Hickey, B. L. (2006). Lessons learned from collaborative testing. Nurse Educator, 31(2), 88–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006223-200603000-00012
- Hillyard, C., Gillespie, D., & Littig, P. (2010). University students’ attitudes about learning in small groups after frequent participation. Active Learning in Higher Education, 11(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787409355867
- Huang, J. (2020). Successes and Challenges: Online teaching and learning of chemistry in higher education in China in the time of covid-19. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2810-2814. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00671
- Jang, H., Lasry, N., Miller, K., & Mazur, E. (2017). Collaborative exams: Cheating? Or learning? American Journal of Physics, 85(3), 223–227. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.4974744
- Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2015). Cooperation and Competition. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24051-8
- Johnston, L., & Miles, L. (2005). Assessing contributions to group assignments. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(6), 751–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293042000227272
- Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681–706. http://dx.doi.org.cmich.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.681
- Khong, M. L., & Tanner, J. A. (2020). A collaborative two‐stage examination in BIOMEDICAL sciences: Positive impact on feedback and peer collaboration. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 49(1), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmb.21392
- King, P. E., & Behnke, R. R. (2005). Problems Associated with Evaluating Student Performance in Groups. College Teaching, 53(2), 57–61. https://doi.org/10.3200/CTCH.53.2.57-61
- Kinnear, G. (2020). Two-stage collaborative exams have little impact on subsequent exam performance in undergraduate mathematics. International Journal of Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education, 7(1), 33–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40753-020-00121-w
- Knierim, K., Turner, H., & Davis, R. K. (2015). Two-stage exams improve student learning in an introductory geology course: Logistics, attendance, and grades. Journal of Geoscience Education, 63(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.5408/14-051.1
- Kusch, J. (2016). Learning experiences of university biology faculty: A qualitative pilot study. Journal of College Science Teaching, 045(06). https://doi:10.2505/4/jcst16_045_06_24
- Lam, R. (2019). What students do when encountering failure in collaborative tasks. Npj Science of Learning, 4(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-019-0045-1
- Leight, H., Saunders, C., Calkins, R., & Withers, M. (2012). Collaborative testing improves performance but not content retention in a large-enrolment introductory biology class. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 11(4), 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.12-04-0048
- Lewis, S. E. (2020). Chemistry assessments through the sudden implementation of online instruction. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3418–3422. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00697
- Machemer, P. L., & Crawford, P. (2007). Student perceptions of active learning in a large cross-disciplinary classroom. Active Learning in Higher Education, 8(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787407074008
- Marks, M. B., & O’Connor, A. H. (2013). Understanding Students’ Attitudes About Group Work: What Does This Suggest for Instructors of Business? Journal of Education for Business, 88(3), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2012.664579
- McConnell, D. (2002). The experience of collaborative assessment in e-learning. Studies in Continuing Education, 24(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/01580370220130459
- Medaille, A., & Usinger, J. (2018). “That’s Going to Be the Hardest Thing for Me”: Tensions Experienced by Quiet Students during Collaborative Learning Situations. Educational Studies, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2018.1555456
- Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2017). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Langara College.
- Meseke, C. A., Nafziger, R., & Meseke, J. K. (2010). Student attitudes, satisfaction, and learning in a collaborative testing environment. Journal of Chiropractic Education, 24(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.7899/1042-5055-24.1.19
- Miller, S. T. J. (2019). What is the impact of collaborative exams on learning and attitudes in introductory astronomy classes? Journal of Astronomy & Earth Sciences Education. Retrieved September 20, 2021, from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1228738.
- Mishra, R. K. (2014). Social Constructivism and Teaching of Social Science. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 5. https://doi.org/10.17499/jsser.22283
- Muir, S. P., & Tracy, D. M. (1999). Collaborative essay testing: Just try it! College Teaching, 47(1), 33–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567559909596077
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2012. A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13165.
- Natoli, R., Jackling, B., & Seelanatha, L. (2014). The impact of instructor’s group management strategies on students’ attitudes to group work and generic skill development. Pedagogies, 9(2), 116–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/1554480X.2014.912519
- Neber, H., Finsterwald, M., & Urban, N. (2001). Cooperative Learning with Gifted and High-achieving Students: A review and meta-analyses of 12 studies. High Ability Studies, 12(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598130120084339
- Newton, G., Ritchie, K., Albabish, W., Gilley, B., Rajakaruna, R., & Kulak, V. (2019). Research and teaching: Two-stage (collaborative) testing in science teaching: Does it improve grades on short-answer questions and retention of material? Journal of College Science Teaching, 048(04). https://doi.org/10.2505/4/jcst19_048_04_64
- Opdenakker, R. J. G. (2006). Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in qualitative research. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung= Forum: Qualitative Social Research (Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. art-11). Institut fur Klinische Sychologie and Gemeindesychologie.
- Piezon, S. L. (2011). Social loafing and free riding in online learning groups [Ph.D., The Florida State University]. In ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. https://www.proquest.com/docview/897114500/abstract/D120FE02B6D740C7PQ/1
- Raje, S., & Stitzel, S. (2020). Strategies for effective assessments while ensuring academic integrity in general chemistry courses during COVID-19. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3436–3440. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00797
- Rivaz, M., Momennasab, M., & Shokrollahi, P. (2015, October 1). Effect of collaborative testing on learning and retention of course content in nursing students. Journal of Advances in Medical Education & Professionalism. Retrieved September 20, 2021, from http://jamp.sums.ac.ir/index.php/JAMP/article/view/354.
- Rudawska, A. (2017). Students’ Team Project Experiences and Their Attitudes Towards Teamwork. Journal of Management & Business Administration. Central Europe, 25(1), 78–97. https://doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.190
- Rupnow, R. L., LaDue, N. D., James, N. M., & Bergan-Roller, H. E. (2020). A perturbed system: How tenured faculty responded to the COVID-19 shift to remote instruction. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2397–2407. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00802
- Sansom, R. L. (2020). Pressure from the pandemic: Pedagogical dissatisfaction reveals faculty beliefs. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2378-2382. https://doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00657
- Siegel, M., Roberts, T., Freyermuth, S., Witzig, S., & Izci, K. (2015). Research and teaching: Aligning assessment to instruction: Collaborative group testing in large-enrollment science classes. Journal of College Science Teaching, 044(06). https://doi.org/10.2505/4/jcst15_044_06_74
- Smith, K. C., & Sepulveda, A. (2018). Students’ perceptions of common practices, including some academically dishonest practices, in the undergraduate general chemistry classroom laboratory. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 19(4), 1142–1150. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RP00058A
- Sturges, J. E., & Hanrahan, K. J. (2004). Comparing telephone and face-to-face qualitative interviewing: a research note. Qualitative research, 4(1), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794104041110
- Thaanyane, M., & Jita, T. (2024). Enhancing 21st Century Skills Through Digital Collaborative Assessment Practices in Lesotho Schools. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 30(11), 495-502.
- Theobald, E. J., Eddy, S. L., Grunspan, D. Z., Wiggins, B. L., & Crowe, A. J. (2017). Student perception of group dynamics predicts individual performance: Comfort and equity matter. PLOS ONE, 12(7), e0181336. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181336
- Wilson, K. (2020). Balancing the disruptions to the teaching and Learning Equilibrium—responsive Pedagogic approaches to teaching online during the Covid-19 pandemic in general chemistry classes at an Arabian Gulf University. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2895–2898. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00702
- Woodbury, S., & Gess-Newsome, J. (2002). Overcoming the Paradox of Change without Difference: A Model of Change in the Arena of Fundamental School Reform. Educational Policy, 16(5), 763–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/089590402237312
- Zgheib, N. K., Dimassi, Z., Bou Akl, I., Badr, K. F., & Sabra, R. (2016). The long-term impact of team-based learning on medical students’ team performance scores and on their peer evaluation scores. Medical Teacher, 38(10), 1017–1024. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2016.1147537
- Zipp, J. F. (2007). Learning by exams: The impact of two-stage cooperative tests. Teaching Sociology, 35(1), 62-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X070350
LICENSE

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.